Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Economics and Management, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2 PhD student in public administration, Faculty of Economics and Management, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
Abstract
In this study, the effect of high-level competence perception on the emergence of withdrawn behaviors and job search behaviors with the variable role of job dissatisfaction mediator and moderator of ambition has been investigated. This research is a correlational description in terms of quantitative research in terms of data collection method. The main tool for data collection is the standard questionnaire. The statistical population of employees working in Ilam Power Distribution Company is 493 people, the sample size was 216 people using Cochran's formula. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the perception of high level of competence has a significant and positive effect on the emergence of withdrawn behaviors and job search behaviors. Job dissatisfaction has a significant and positive effect on the emergence of withdrawal behaviors. Perceptions of high-level competence through job dissatisfaction have an indirect and positive effect on the emergence of withdrawal behaviors and job search. Ultimately, ambition moderates, in other words, increases the relationship between perceptions of high-level competence and withdrawn behaviors and job search.
Keywords
[1] Rurkkhum, S. (2018). The impact of person-organization fit and leader-member exchange on withdrawal behaviors in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 10, (2/3), 14-129.
[2] Johnson, M. D., Holley, E. C., Moregeson, F. P., Labonar, D., & Stetzer, A. (2014). Outcomes of absence Control initiatives: A quasi-experimental investigation into the effects of policy and perceptions. Journal of Management, 40, 1075-1097
[3] Banks, J., Patel, C. J., & Moola, M. A. (2012). Perceptions of inequity in the workplace: Exploring the link with unauthorised absenteeism. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 10, 1, 1-8.
[4] Strom, D. L., Sears, K. L., & Kelly, K. M. (2014). Work engagement: the roles of organizational justice and leadership style in predicting engagement among employees. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21, 1, 71-82.
[5] Van Hooft, E. A. J., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Basbug, G. (2021). Job search and employment success: A quantitative review and future research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106, 5, 674–713.
[6] Bewley, T. (1999), Why Don’t Wages Fall during a Recession?, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA.
[7] Wald, S. (2005). The impact of overqualification on job search. International Journal of Manpower, 20, 140–156.
[8] Maynard, C., M. Parfyonova, N., M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 435-455.
[9] Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. (2000). Perceived overqualification, positive and negative and work values affectivity, and satisfaction with work. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15, 2,167-184
[10] Hersch, J. (1995). Optimal mismatch and promotions. Economic Inquiry, 33, 4, 611-24.
[11] Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 557–565.
[12] Khalid, S. A., Rahman, N. A., Noor, A. N. M., & Shaharudin, M. R. (2021). A Conceptual Paper on the Role of Cohesion as a Moderator on the Relationship Between Citizenship Behavior and Withdrawal Behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11, 9, 380–391.
[13] Pandey., P. Singh, S., Pathak, P. (2021). An exploratory study on factors contributing to job dissatisfaction of retail employees in India. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 61, 102571.
[14] Follmer, E. H., Talbot, D. L., Kristof-Brown, A. L., Astrove, S. L., & Billsberry, J. (2018). Resolution, relief, and resignation: A qualitative study of responses to misfit at work. Academy of Management Journal, 61, 2, 440–465.
[15] Arvan, M. L., Pindek, S., Andel, S, A., Spector, P, E. (2019). Too good for your job? Disentangling the relationships between objective overqualification, perceived overqualification, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103323.
[16] Erdogan, B., Karaeminogullari, A., Bauer, T, N., Ellis, A., M. (2018). Perceived Overqualification at Work: Implications for Extra-Role Behaviors and Advice Network Centrality. Journal of Management, 1-24.
[17] Sepahvand, R., MontazeriNajafabadi, R. (2021). The Effect of Overqualification on Career Satisfaction across Career Plateau and Relative Deprivation: The Case of Public Offices in Najafaabaa. Journal of Productivity Management, 15, 59, 69-92 (In persian)
[18] Ferguson, M., Hitt, L., & Tambe, P. (2014). The Talent Equation: Big data lessons for navigating the skills gap and building a competitive workforce, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
[19] Shapira-Lishchinsky, O., & Even-Zohar, S. (2011). Withdrawal behaviors syndrome: An ethical perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 103, 3, 429–451.
[20] Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012). On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 4, 758–775.
[21] Schreurs, B., H. Hamstra, M., Jaeahar, I., M. Akkermans, J. (2020). Perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behavior: testing the mediating role of relative deprivation and the moderating role of ambition. Personnel Review ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print)
[22] Maynard, D. C., Parfyonova, N. M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 435-455.
[23] Zimmerman, R. D., Swider, B. W., Woo, S. E., & Allen, D. G. (2016). Who withdraws? Psychological individual differences and employee withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 4, 498–519.
[24] Carless, S.A. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction an job acceptance intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 411-429
[25] Wu, H., Chi, N., W. (2020). Understanding the roles of perceived ease of movement, proactive personality, and person-organization fit in overqualified employees job searching process. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41, 4, 851-870.
[26] Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 509–536.
[27] Erdogan, B., Tomas, I., Valls, V., Garacia, F. (2018). Perceived overqualification, relative deprivation, and person-centric outcomes: The moderating role of career centrality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 233-245.
[28] Arvan, M. L., Pindek, S., Andel, S. A., & Spector, P. E. (2019). Too good for your job? Disentangling the relationships between objective overqualification, perceived overqualification, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, Article 103323.
[29] Edwards JR. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review and methodological critique. In C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial/organizational psychology, 6, 283-357. London: Wiley.
[30] Bolino, M. C., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). The antecedents and consequences of underemployment among expatriates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21,8, 889-911.
[31] Liu, S., Luksyte, A., Zhou, L., Shi, J., & Wang, M. (2015). Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviours: Examining a moderated mediation model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 2, 250–271.
[32] Feldman, D. C. (2011). Theoretical frontiers for underemployment research. In D. C. Maynard & D.C. Feldman (Eds.), Underemployment: Psychological, economic, and social challenges. New York, NY: Springer.
[33] Rurkkhum, S. (2018). The impact of person-organization fit and leader-member exchange on withdrawal behaviors in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 10, 2, 114-129.
[34] Mirsepasi, N, Memarzadeh, G, Alipour, H, Fayzi, M, The relationship between demographic and cultural characteristics with citizenship and withdrawal behaviors in Iran's government organizations, Journal Social Science in Iran, 14, 52, 119-142. (In persian)
[35] Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work motivation in organizational behavior. New York: Psychology Press
[36] SehBaradar, S., Ebrahimpour, H., & Hasanzadeh, M. (2013). Investigating the relationship between organizational justice and withdrawal behaviour among the employees of ardabil technical & vocational training organization. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR), 2, 3, 93-99. (In persian)
[37] Okache, G., O. (2020). Skill Variety and Employee Withdrawal Behaviour in Telecommunication Firms in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Academic Journal of Management and Marketing, 6 ,5, 32-46.
[38] Hamper, B. (1991). Rivethead: Tales from the Assembly Line. New York: Warner Books.
[39] Nguyen, A. D. (2018). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal among seasonal workers : would work motivation make a difference ? portland state.
[40] Liu, S. and Wang, M. (2012). Perceived Overqualification: A Review and Recommendations for Research and Practice. Perrewé, P.L., Halbesleben, J.R.B. and Rosen, C.C. (Ed.) The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being (Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, Vol. 10), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 1-42.
[41] Dar, N., Ahmad, S. and Rahman, W. (2022). How and when overqualification improves innovative work behaviour: the roles of creative self-confidence and psychological safety. Personnel Review, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
[42] Bracke, P., Pattyn, E., & von dem Knesebeck, O. (2013). Overeducation and depressive symptoms: Diminishing mental health returns to education. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35, 1242–1259
[43] Eddleston, K. A. (2009). The effects of social comparisons on managerial career satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 14, 1, 87-110.
[44] Rosse, J. and Noel, T. (1995) Leaving the organization: Individual differences in employee withdrawal and adaptation. In K. Murphy (Ed.), Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[45] Hanisch, k,A. Hullin, C. (1990). Job Attitudes and Organizational Withdrawal: An Examination of Retirement and Other Voluntary Withdrawal Behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37 ,1, 60-78.
[46] Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (2010). Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2e3)
[47] Falkenburg, K. and Schyns, B. (2007). Work satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal behaviours. Management Research News, 30, 10, 708-723.
[48] Judrups, J., Cinks, R., Birzniece, I., Andersone, I. (2021). Machine Learning based Soultion for Organization. Engineering For Rural Development, 26, 1359-1366.
[49] Blau, G. (1994). Testing a two-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59, 288–312.
[50] Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). A longitudinal investigation of the relationships between job information sources, applicant perceptions of fit, and work outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 50, 395–426.
[51] Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M. (2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 837–855.
[52] Monte, PA. (2012). Job dissatisfaction and labour turnover: evidence from Brazil. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 23, 8, 1717-1735.
[53] Ballaeo, J. Meade, RK. (2021). Factors Determining Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction for Forensic Scientists. Organization Development Journal, 39, 2, 37-51.
[54] Klehe, U., C. Van Hoye, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search Get access Arrow. Oxford University Press.
[55] Jones, A.B., Sherman, R.A. and Hogan, R.T. (2017). Where is ambition in factor models of personality?. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 26-31
[56] Smith, H.J. and Pettigrew, T.F. (2015). Advances in relative deprivation theory and research. Social Justice Research, 28, 1-6
[57] Teo, A. (2010). A New From of Social Withdrawal in Japan: A Review of Hikikomori. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56 (2), 178-185.
[58] Dudley, N. M., Orvis, K. A., Lebiecki, J. E., & Cortina, J. M. (2006). A meta-analytic investigation of conscientiousness in the prediction of job performance: Examining the intercorrelations and the incremental validity of narrow traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 40–57
[59] Sepahvand, R., Momenimofrad, M., Taghipour, S (2022). Career Concerns and Political Influence Tactics: Analyzing the Mediating Role of Futuristic Career Behaviors (Study of Lorestan Government Employees). Management Research in iran, 25, 4, 89-107. (In persian)
[60] Kalantari, E., Montazer, G., Ghazinoory, S. (2021). Structural Modeling of Properties and Factors Affecting Science and Technology Collaborative Policy Network in Iran. Management Research in Iran, 25, 3, 1-24. (In persian)
[61] Mosadeghrad, A., Tajvar, M., Taheri, S. (2020). Female managers’ decisionmaking in healthcare organizations: Challenges and solutions. Modern Research in Decision Making, 5, 1, 51-94. (In persian)
[2] Johnson, M. D., Holley, E. C., Moregeson, F. P., Labonar, D., & Stetzer, A. (2014). Outcomes of absence Control initiatives: A quasi-experimental investigation into the effects of policy and perceptions. Journal of Management, 40, 1075-1097
[3] Banks, J., Patel, C. J., & Moola, M. A. (2012). Perceptions of inequity in the workplace: Exploring the link with unauthorised absenteeism. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 10, 1, 1-8.
[4] Strom, D. L., Sears, K. L., & Kelly, K. M. (2014). Work engagement: the roles of organizational justice and leadership style in predicting engagement among employees. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21, 1, 71-82.
[5] Van Hooft, E. A. J., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Basbug, G. (2021). Job search and employment success: A quantitative review and future research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106, 5, 674–713.
[6] Bewley, T. (1999), Why Don’t Wages Fall during a Recession?, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA.
[7] Wald, S. (2005). The impact of overqualification on job search. International Journal of Manpower, 20, 140–156.
[8] Maynard, C., M. Parfyonova, N., M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 435-455.
[9] Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. (2000). Perceived overqualification, positive and negative and work values affectivity, and satisfaction with work. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15, 2,167-184
[10] Hersch, J. (1995). Optimal mismatch and promotions. Economic Inquiry, 33, 4, 611-24.
[11] Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 557–565.
[12] Khalid, S. A., Rahman, N. A., Noor, A. N. M., & Shaharudin, M. R. (2021). A Conceptual Paper on the Role of Cohesion as a Moderator on the Relationship Between Citizenship Behavior and Withdrawal Behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11, 9, 380–391.
[13] Pandey., P. Singh, S., Pathak, P. (2021). An exploratory study on factors contributing to job dissatisfaction of retail employees in India. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 61, 102571.
[14] Follmer, E. H., Talbot, D. L., Kristof-Brown, A. L., Astrove, S. L., & Billsberry, J. (2018). Resolution, relief, and resignation: A qualitative study of responses to misfit at work. Academy of Management Journal, 61, 2, 440–465.
[15] Arvan, M. L., Pindek, S., Andel, S, A., Spector, P, E. (2019). Too good for your job? Disentangling the relationships between objective overqualification, perceived overqualification, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103323.
[16] Erdogan, B., Karaeminogullari, A., Bauer, T, N., Ellis, A., M. (2018). Perceived Overqualification at Work: Implications for Extra-Role Behaviors and Advice Network Centrality. Journal of Management, 1-24.
[17] Sepahvand, R., MontazeriNajafabadi, R. (2021). The Effect of Overqualification on Career Satisfaction across Career Plateau and Relative Deprivation: The Case of Public Offices in Najafaabaa. Journal of Productivity Management, 15, 59, 69-92 (In persian)
[18] Ferguson, M., Hitt, L., & Tambe, P. (2014). The Talent Equation: Big data lessons for navigating the skills gap and building a competitive workforce, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
[19] Shapira-Lishchinsky, O., & Even-Zohar, S. (2011). Withdrawal behaviors syndrome: An ethical perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 103, 3, 429–451.
[20] Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012). On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 4, 758–775.
[21] Schreurs, B., H. Hamstra, M., Jaeahar, I., M. Akkermans, J. (2020). Perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behavior: testing the mediating role of relative deprivation and the moderating role of ambition. Personnel Review ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print)
[22] Maynard, D. C., Parfyonova, N. M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 435-455.
[23] Zimmerman, R. D., Swider, B. W., Woo, S. E., & Allen, D. G. (2016). Who withdraws? Psychological individual differences and employee withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 4, 498–519.
[24] Carless, S.A. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction an job acceptance intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 411-429
[25] Wu, H., Chi, N., W. (2020). Understanding the roles of perceived ease of movement, proactive personality, and person-organization fit in overqualified employees job searching process. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41, 4, 851-870.
[26] Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 509–536.
[27] Erdogan, B., Tomas, I., Valls, V., Garacia, F. (2018). Perceived overqualification, relative deprivation, and person-centric outcomes: The moderating role of career centrality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 233-245.
[28] Arvan, M. L., Pindek, S., Andel, S. A., & Spector, P. E. (2019). Too good for your job? Disentangling the relationships between objective overqualification, perceived overqualification, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, Article 103323.
[29] Edwards JR. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review and methodological critique. In C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial/organizational psychology, 6, 283-357. London: Wiley.
[30] Bolino, M. C., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). The antecedents and consequences of underemployment among expatriates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21,8, 889-911.
[31] Liu, S., Luksyte, A., Zhou, L., Shi, J., & Wang, M. (2015). Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviours: Examining a moderated mediation model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 2, 250–271.
[32] Feldman, D. C. (2011). Theoretical frontiers for underemployment research. In D. C. Maynard & D.C. Feldman (Eds.), Underemployment: Psychological, economic, and social challenges. New York, NY: Springer.
[33] Rurkkhum, S. (2018). The impact of person-organization fit and leader-member exchange on withdrawal behaviors in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 10, 2, 114-129.
[34] Mirsepasi, N, Memarzadeh, G, Alipour, H, Fayzi, M, The relationship between demographic and cultural characteristics with citizenship and withdrawal behaviors in Iran's government organizations, Journal Social Science in Iran, 14, 52, 119-142. (In persian)
[35] Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work motivation in organizational behavior. New York: Psychology Press
[36] SehBaradar, S., Ebrahimpour, H., & Hasanzadeh, M. (2013). Investigating the relationship between organizational justice and withdrawal behaviour among the employees of ardabil technical & vocational training organization. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR), 2, 3, 93-99. (In persian)
[37] Okache, G., O. (2020). Skill Variety and Employee Withdrawal Behaviour in Telecommunication Firms in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Academic Journal of Management and Marketing, 6 ,5, 32-46.
[38] Hamper, B. (1991). Rivethead: Tales from the Assembly Line. New York: Warner Books.
[39] Nguyen, A. D. (2018). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal among seasonal workers : would work motivation make a difference ? portland state.
[40] Liu, S. and Wang, M. (2012). Perceived Overqualification: A Review and Recommendations for Research and Practice. Perrewé, P.L., Halbesleben, J.R.B. and Rosen, C.C. (Ed.) The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being (Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, Vol. 10), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 1-42.
[41] Dar, N., Ahmad, S. and Rahman, W. (2022). How and when overqualification improves innovative work behaviour: the roles of creative self-confidence and psychological safety. Personnel Review, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
[42] Bracke, P., Pattyn, E., & von dem Knesebeck, O. (2013). Overeducation and depressive symptoms: Diminishing mental health returns to education. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35, 1242–1259
[43] Eddleston, K. A. (2009). The effects of social comparisons on managerial career satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 14, 1, 87-110.
[44] Rosse, J. and Noel, T. (1995) Leaving the organization: Individual differences in employee withdrawal and adaptation. In K. Murphy (Ed.), Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[45] Hanisch, k,A. Hullin, C. (1990). Job Attitudes and Organizational Withdrawal: An Examination of Retirement and Other Voluntary Withdrawal Behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37 ,1, 60-78.
[46] Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (2010). Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2e3)
[47] Falkenburg, K. and Schyns, B. (2007). Work satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal behaviours. Management Research News, 30, 10, 708-723.
[48] Judrups, J., Cinks, R., Birzniece, I., Andersone, I. (2021). Machine Learning based Soultion for Organization. Engineering For Rural Development, 26, 1359-1366.
[49] Blau, G. (1994). Testing a two-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59, 288–312.
[50] Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). A longitudinal investigation of the relationships between job information sources, applicant perceptions of fit, and work outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 50, 395–426.
[51] Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M. (2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 837–855.
[52] Monte, PA. (2012). Job dissatisfaction and labour turnover: evidence from Brazil. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 23, 8, 1717-1735.
[53] Ballaeo, J. Meade, RK. (2021). Factors Determining Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction for Forensic Scientists. Organization Development Journal, 39, 2, 37-51.
[54] Klehe, U., C. Van Hoye, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search Get access Arrow. Oxford University Press.
[55] Jones, A.B., Sherman, R.A. and Hogan, R.T. (2017). Where is ambition in factor models of personality?. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 26-31
[56] Smith, H.J. and Pettigrew, T.F. (2015). Advances in relative deprivation theory and research. Social Justice Research, 28, 1-6
[57] Teo, A. (2010). A New From of Social Withdrawal in Japan: A Review of Hikikomori. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56 (2), 178-185.
[58] Dudley, N. M., Orvis, K. A., Lebiecki, J. E., & Cortina, J. M. (2006). A meta-analytic investigation of conscientiousness in the prediction of job performance: Examining the intercorrelations and the incremental validity of narrow traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 40–57
[59] Sepahvand, R., Momenimofrad, M., Taghipour, S (2022). Career Concerns and Political Influence Tactics: Analyzing the Mediating Role of Futuristic Career Behaviors (Study of Lorestan Government Employees). Management Research in iran, 25, 4, 89-107. (In persian)
[60] Kalantari, E., Montazer, G., Ghazinoory, S. (2021). Structural Modeling of Properties and Factors Affecting Science and Technology Collaborative Policy Network in Iran. Management Research in Iran, 25, 3, 1-24. (In persian)
[61] Mosadeghrad, A., Tajvar, M., Taheri, S. (2020). Female managers’ decisionmaking in healthcare organizations: Challenges and solutions. Modern Research in Decision Making, 5, 1, 51-94. (In persian)
)