Authors

Abstract

Crises are always the hardest test for every management theory. There are few management theories that work in the face of severe crises. As a result, organizations and managers in practice, during major crises, suspend many of their functions, dimensions and tasks. Meanwhile, the field of decision-making has a special status, because this field can’t be closed at all. Accordingly, practical theories of decision making in crisis are one of the most essential needs of any organization in times of crisis. In this regard, we tried to explain the application of PANDA decision-making strategy in critical situations. To this end, the corona crisis was chosen as the focus area. The Corona crisis, as one of the most important human crises that is currently affecting the whole world, is the best option for this purpose. In order to narrow the scope of the research, the decisions of the National Anti-Corona Headquarters of Iran were selected as our cases. Therefore, multiple case study method was selected as the method of the present study. The results of this study show that the characteristics of consequentialism, multiple feedback, speed of action and systematic attitude are the four main characteristics of Panda method that make this method especially suitable for critical situations.

Keywords

  1. 1. Augoustides, J. G. (2020). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation–crucial considerations during the coronavirus crisis. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 34(7), 1720-1722. 2. Mintzberg, H. (1993). Structure in fives: Designing effective organizations. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3. Christensen, S. L., & Kohls, J. (2003). Ethical decision making in times of organizational crisis: A framework for analysis. Business & Society, 42(3), 328-358. 4. Azizi, Mehdi et al. (2017). Investigating the effect of utilitarian school on decision-making theories and comparing it with the theory of Islamic growth, Journal of Islamic Management Research, No. 3. 5. Taket, Ann and white, Leroy (2000), Partnership and Participation: Decision-making in the Multiagency Setting. New York: Wiley. 6. Azar, Adel and Azizi, Mehdi (2020), book review and translation, Critique of the book Partnership and Participation: Decision-making in the Multiagency Setting by Taket, Ann and white, Leroy, Tehran, Industrial Management Organization Publications 7. Azar, Adel and Azizi, Mehdi (2020), Developments and Changes in Organization and Management Research in the Post COVID-19, book chapter in Springer, Publishing 8. Friedman, Stewart D. and Westring, Alyssa F. (2020), How Working Parents Can Prepare for Coronavirus Closures, Harvard Business Review, March 10, 2020, URL: https://hbr.org/2020/03/how-working-parents-can-prepare-for-coronavirus-closures 9. Argenti, Paul A. (2020), Communicating Through the Coronavirus Crisis, Harvard Business Review, March 13, 2020, URL: https://hbr.org/2020/03/communicating-through-the-coronavirus-crisis 10. Neeley, Tsedal and Beard, Alison (2020), Adjusting to Remote Work During the Coronavirus Crisis, Harvard Business Review, URL: https://hbr.org/podcast/2020/03/adjusting-to-remote-work-during-the-coronavirus-crisis 11. Gray, John (2020), Goodbye to globalization, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/27/globalisation 12. Azizi, Mahdi and Azar, Adel and Dehghan Nayeri, Mahmood (2020) Participatory decision making in the post COVID-19 period, Modern Research in decision-making, Vol. 5 No. 2 pp. 165 – 192. 13. Darrell K. Rigby (2020), Develop Agility That Outlasts the Pandemic, Harvard Business Review, May 15, 2020. 14. Sayegh, Lisa (2004) Managerial decision-making under crisis: The role of emotion in an intuitive decision process, Human Resource Management Review, Volume 14, Issue 2, Pages 179-199 15. Schraagen, Jan Maarten (2018) Improving Decision Making in Crisis Response through Critical Thinking Support, Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, Volume: 2 issue: 4, page(s): 311-327. 16. Brinks, V., & Ibert, O. (2020). From corona virus to corona crisis: the value of an analytical and geographical understanding of crisis. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 111(3), 275-287. 17. Roberts, Jonathan M. (1988), Decision-making during International Crises. London: the Macmillan Press. 18. Pedersen, C. L., Ritter, T., & Di Benedetto, C. A. (2020). Managing through a crisis: Managerial implications for business-to-business firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 314. 19. Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama, 323(18), 1775-1776. 20. WHO and European Investment Bank strengthen efforts to combat COVID-19 and build resilient health systems to face future pandemics, world health organization, 1 May 2020. 21. Lindgreen, A., Hingley, M., Stavros, C., & Westberg, K. (2009). Using triangulation and multiple case studies to advance relationship-marketing theory. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 22. Gustafsson, J. (2017). Single case studies vs. multiple case studies: A comparative study. URL: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1064378/FULLTEXT01.pdf 23. Greig, Finlay (2020) Coronavirus symptoms explained: meaning of a ‘persistent’ or ‘continuous’ cough, high temperature and loss of smell and taste, URL: https://inews.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-symptoms-explained-persistent-continuous-cough-temperature-high-loss-smell-taste-anosmia-409092 24. Decisions of National Headquarters against Corona, Islamic Republic of Iran, Cabinet Office, September 2020. 25. Simon, Herbert A. (1960), The New science of management decision. New York: Harpar and row. 26. Daft, Richard L. & John C. Wiginton. (1979) "Language and Organization" Academy of Management Review, 1979, pp. 120-22. 27. Roy, A. R., & Maji, P. K. (2007). A fuzzy soft set theoretic approach to decision-making problems. Journal of computational and Applied Mathematics, 203(2), 412-418. 28. Fasina, F. O. (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What we know and what is unknown. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13(3), 97. 29. Evans, S., & Bahrami, H. (2020). Super-Flexibility in Practice: Insights from a Crisis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 21(3), 207-214. 30. Wang, L., Wang, Y. M., & Martínez, L. (2017). A group decision method based on prospect theory for emergency situations. Information Sciences, 418, 119-135. 31. Aithal, P. S., & Kumar, P. M. (2017). Ideal analysis for decision making in critical situations through six thinking hats method. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters (IJAEML), 1(2), 1-9.