Authors

Abstract

Science and technology have had divergent trend in almost a few hundred years ago. However, half through the twentieth century the convergence of science and technology has begun with the advent of the interdisciplinary stream and then at the beginning of the twenty first century with the advent of the emerging science and technologies stream. Understanding this process is the policy requirements. This research attend to find evidences of divergence in priorities by study science and technology emerging trends and science and technology thematic priorities in the three countries: United States, Russia and China with futuristic approach. Research method is qualitative content analysis, statistics samples, and documents that have been published about the emerging trends in science and technology. The research achievements indicate thematic trends in science and technologies are moving towards convergence. The research results declare the convergence at first is created based on "Information Technology", and the next in sequence "Biotechnology and Health", "Energy", as well as "Nanotechnology".

Keywords

[1] Bahrani, M., (2013), Discipline, interdiscipline and classification of knowledge, interdisciplinary studies in the humanities, 5(19): 37-59. [2] Challaye, F., (1976), Les principes généraux de la Science et de la Morale, translation by Mahdavi, Y., Tehran: University of Tehran Publication. [3] Seghatoleslami, A., (2010), Does the history of engineering require the philosophy of engineering?, Philosophical investigations, 6(17): 97-123. [4] Martin, B.R., (1995), Foresight in science and technology, Technology analysis and strategic management, 7(2): 139- 168. [5] MSRT, (2009), The strategic transformation of science and technology in Iran. [6] Ghazinoory, S.S., Ghazinoori, S.S., (2014), Introduction to sicnece, technology and innovation policy, Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University Publication. [7] Marzban, E., Mohammadi, M., (2016), Future scienarios for power management in Iran, Management researches in Iran, 20(3): 177-204. [8] Martin, B.R., (2001), Technology foresight in a rapidly globalization economy, Regional conference on technology foresight for CEE and NIS countries, 4-5 April, Vienna, Austria. [9] National Academy of Science, National Academy of Engineering & Institute of Medicine, (2005), Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. [10] Klein, J.T., (1996), Crossing boundaries: Knowledge, disciplinarities, and interdisciplinarities, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. [11] Noorden, R.V., (2015), Interdisciplinary research by the numbers: An analysis reveals the extent and impact of research that bridges disciplines, Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science, 525: 306- 307, Online available at: http://www.nature.com/news/interdisciplinary-research-by-the-numbers-1.18349. [12] NSF, (2002), DOC-sponsored report, Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science, Edited by Mihail C. Roco and William Sims Bainbridge, National Science Foundation. [13] Nordmann, A., (2004), Converging Technologies Shaping the Future of Europian Societeies, A report from high level expert group on Forsighting the Technology Wave. [14] Jeong, D-h., Koo, Y., (2016), Analysis of trend and convergence for science and technology using the VOSviewer, International Journal of Contents, 12(3): 54-58. [15] Danaee, F.H., Shekari, H., (2010), Promoting interpretive paradigm in organizational theoty: a reflection on organizational storytelling approach, Organizatioal culture management, 8(21): 33-61. [16] Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., (2003), Research methods for business students (3rd Ed), Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. [17] Zhang, Y., (2006), Content analysis (qualitative, thematic). Online available at: http://www.ils.unc/yanz/content20%analysis.pdf. [18] Patton, M.Q., (2002), Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, Thousand Oask, California: Sage Publication. [19] Graneheim, U.H., Lundman, B., (2004) Qualitative Content Analysis in nursing research: Concepts, Procedures and Measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurss Edu Today. 24. [20] Augustyn, J., (2016), Emerging Science and Technology Trends: 2016- 2045: A Synthesis of Leading Forecasts, USA: Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Research & Technology). [21] Sokolov, A. and Chulok, A., (2014), Russian S&T Foresight 2030: Looking for New Drivers of Growth, European Commission. Online available at: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/fta2014-t1Practice_177.pdf. [22] NIC, (2008), Disruptive Civil Tecgnologies: Six Technologies with Potential Impacts on US Interests Out to 2025. Online available at: https://fas.org/irp/nic/disruptive.pdf. [23] Lu, Y., (2010), Science and Technology in China: A Roadmap to 2050, Strategic General Report of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China: Science Press Beijing and Springer. [24] Ghorbanizadeh, V., Hasan-Nangir, S.T., Roodsaz, S.H., (2013), Meta-analysis of affecting factors on the information technology acceptance in Iran, 17(2): 177-196. [25] Sarabadani, A., Tabatabaian, S.H., Mir-moezi, S.H., Amiri, M., (2016), Improving the quality of policymaking in science and technology by an Islamic-Iranian approach: A qualitative study, Modern researches in decision making, 1(1): 167-188. [26] Gassler, H., Polt, W., Schnider, J., Weber, M., Mahroum, S., Kubeczko, K., (2003), Priorities in science and technology policy- an international comparison, Commissioned by the Austrian council for research and technology development, Vienna. [27] Bainbridge, W.S., Roco, M.C., (2016), Science and technology convergence: with emphasis for nanotechnology-inspired convergence, Journal of nanoparticle research, 18(211): 5- 19. [28] Schwab, K., (2017), The fourth industrial revolution, Crown Business Publisher